形容词和副词
1 形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
2) 叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。 例如:afraid 害怕的。 (错) He is an ill man. (对) The man is ill. 这个男的有病。 (错) She is an afraid girl. (对) The girl is afraid. 这个女孩害怕。 这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint虚弱的,afraid,alike相似的,alive活着的,alone单独的,asleep睡着的,awake醒的 等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如: something nice
2 以-ly结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly友好的,deadly致命的,lovely可爱的,lonely孤独的,likely很可能的,lively活泼的,ugly丑陋的,brotherly兄弟般的,仍为形容词。 改错:(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) Her singing was lovely. 她的歌声很有趣。 (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 他用一种友好的方式对我说话。
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。 daily每天的,weekly每星期的,monthly每月的,yearly每年的,early早的, The Times is a daily paper. 时报是日报。 The Times is published daily. 时报是每天版。
3 用形容词表示类别和整体
1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind瞎的,the hungry The poor are losing hope. 贫穷的人失去信心。 THE POOR定冠词加形容词表示穷人这一类的人。
2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人很有幽默感。
4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为: 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词 a small round table, 一个小圆桌。 a tall gray building, 一座灰色的建筑。 a dirty old brown shirt, 一件脏旧褐色衬衣。 a famous German medical school, 一座著名德国医学校。 an expensive Japanese sports car, 一辆贵重日本跑车。
5 如何进行绝对性形容词的比较
下面谈谈绝对性形容词的比较方法。有下面的一句话: The police found the wife was deader than the husband.
该句的本意想说从尸体僵硬程度等方面判断,妻子比丈夫先被人谋杀。很显然,既然是死了就是死了,没有"比较死"、"最死"。这句话可以改为: The police found that the wife had been dead longer than the husband. 警察发现妻子比丈夫死的较早。
英语有些形容词具有绝对性而不能用通常的方法进行比较。譬如汉语说的"方块A比方块B方",到了英语就不能是: Square A is squarer than Square B.
也不宜说: This table is rounder than that one.
要说明程度上的比较可以用more/less nearly + 形容词这一模式。如: Square A is more nearly square than Square B. 方块A要比方块B更接近正方形些。 These lines are less nearly parallel than those.(这些线的平行度不如那些线。)
典型例题: 1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two 答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside. A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 old + brown + wood + table
6 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。 一、副词的位置: 1) 在动词之前。 2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意: a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们应该能非常清楚地看见我们前方的灯光。 b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well. 他英语说的很好。
二、副词的排列顺序: 1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。 2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 请写慢点和仔细点。 3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much. 我非常喜欢英语。
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. 我太不了解他。 There is enough food for everyone to eat. 有足够的食物够每个人吃的。 There is food enough for everyone to eat. 有足够的食物够每个人吃。
7 兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔细地" He is sitting close to me. 他靠近我坐着。 Watch him closely. 仔细地打量他。 2) late 与lately late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. 你已经来的太迟了。 What have you been doing lately? 最近你都干了些什么? 3) deep与deeply deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. 他把棍子推进深泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film. 连父亲都被电影深深感动。 4) high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much The plane was flying high. 飞机飞向高出。 I think highly of your opinion. 我深深地考虑你的意见。 5) wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方" He opened the door wide. 他把门敞开。 English is widely used in the world. 英语在世界上被广泛地应用。 6) free与freely free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. 在我的餐馆里你可以免费享用任何你想吃的。 You may speak freely; say what you like. 你可以自由言论,说任何你想说的话。
副词分句
在英语三种分句中,副词分句种类最多,用途最广。就其功用或意义说,副词分句可以用来表示"时间、原因、条件、让步、地点、目的、结果、方式、比较"等。
时间副词分句由从属连词 when, since, before, after, while, as soon as 等引导。例如: ● Give me a call when you are free. ● Jim had done his homework before he went to class. ● As soon as the speaker entered the auditorium, the audience clapped.
原因副词分句由从属连词 because, since, as 等引导。例如: ● Helen got the job because she was the most suitable candidate. ● As he was tired, he went to bed early.
条件副词分句由从属连词 if, unless 等引导。例如: ● If you try hard, you are sure to improve. ● We will leave as planned unless we are informed otherwise.
让步副词分句由从属连词 though, although 等引导。例如: ● Though David was not well, he came to work as usual. ● I enjoy walking although I do not go out as much as I used to.
地点副词分句由从属连词 where, wherever 等引导。例如: ● Where there is oppression, there is resistance. ● In today's world, you can go wherever you want.
目的副词分句由从属连词 so that, in order that 等引导。例如: ● Please speak louder, so that all can hear you. ● The students work hard in order that they can pass.
结果副词分句由从属连词 so...that, such...that 等引导。例如: ● The weather is so hot that I don't like to go out of doors. ● China is such a large country that it takes time to make it a fully developed nation.
方式副词分句由从属连词 as, just as...so 等引导。例如: ● We will do as we are told. ● Just as men sow, so will they reap.
比较副词分句由从属连词 as, than 等引导。例如: ● Dick is as smart as you (are). ● We know you better than he does.
这里有几点要注意。第一、当副词分句在句首出现时,要用逗号和主句隔开。第二、习惯上,先出现的分句的主语要用名词,后出现的用代词,如: Before John went out, he locked the door.
第三、有些副词分句可以在句首,就最好把它们放在句首,主句在后。这样可以使人更注意主句中的内容,达到较好的传讯效益。例如:
a. Tom was absent as he was ill. b. As Tom was ill, he was absent.
a. The boys ran home when it rained. b. When it rained, the boys ran home.
a. You will do well if you surge ahead. b. If you surge ahead, you will do well.
a. Betty did not get the job though she was interviewed. b. Though Betty was interviewed, she did not get the job.
8 形容词与副词的比较级 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall(高的) taller tallest great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词 nice(好的) nicer nicest large(大的) larger largest
少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st able(有能力的) abler ablest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est big(大的) bigger biggest hot热的) hotter hottest
以辅音字母+y,结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est easy(容易的) easier easiest busy(忙的) busier busiest 少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。 important(重要的) more important most important easily(容易地) more easily most easily
2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级 good(好的)/ better best well(健康的)
bad (坏的)/ worse worst ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest
9 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他不能跑的像你那样快。
2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. 这是一个好的例子就像另一个一样好。 I can carry as much paper as you can. 我可以般动像你一样般动的纸。
3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。 This room is twice as big as that one. 这个房间有两个那个房间大。 Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的房间一样大。
4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ then + of This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥有那座桥三倍长。 This bridge is three times the length of that one. 这座桥在长度上有那座桥的三倍。 Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间有我的房间的两倍大。 Your room is twice the size of mine. 你的房间面积有我的房间两倍大。
10 比较级形容词或副词 + than
You are taller than me. 你比我高。 The lights in your room are as bright as those in mine. 你房间的灯光比我房间的灯光亮。
注意: 1)要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. 他比他的兄弟要聪明的多。 (对) He is clever than his brother. 他比他的兄弟要聪明。
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 在亚洲中国比任何一个国家都大。
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口比北京的人口要多。 It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 作计划要比实现它要容易。
4)要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。 比较:Which is large, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.
11 可修饰比较级的词
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题: 1) ---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes,I'm fine now. A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better 答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much 答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案:D。
12 many,old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时, much more +不可数名词 many more +可数名词复数
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. 我的哥哥是个工程师。 Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. MARY是姊妹三个中年长的一个。
3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。 在美语中,father 表示距离,further表示进一步。 I have nothing further to say. 我没有什么进一步要说的了。
13 the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉是世界上最大的一个沙漠。 形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。 形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。 It is a most important problem. 这是一个非常重要的问题。 =It is a very important problem. 这是一个非常重要的问题。 注意: 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. TOM是他兄弟三个中最高的一个。
**为什么最高级形容词前面没有定冠词
Now the sun is closest to being straight above us.此时太阳离我们最近,就在我们头顶上。
closest 虽然是最高级,但在这种情况下,前面通常可以省略the,因为太阳能并没有与其它星球比较哪个离我们最近,而是就太阳本身而言,也其它时间相比,太阳离我们最近。又譬如:
I am busiest on Mondays.我星期一最忙。
The library is quietest at this hour.这个时候图书馆最安静。
句中的"我"和"图书馆"都是和自身比较,在某个时候"最...",因此定冠词可以省略。
2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意: a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent. 非洲是第二大洲。
3) 句型转换: Mike is the most intelligent in his class. MIKE在班级里是最聪明的一个。 Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 在班级里MIKE要比别的学生聪明些。
4) "否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this. 没有什么比这个容易。 =Nothing is easier than this. 没有什么比这个更容易。 =This is the easiest thing. 这是一个最容易的事情。
14 和more有关的词组
1) the more… the more… 越……就越…… The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 工作越努力,你就会越进步。
2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work. 在他的工作中于其说他慢不如说他懒惰。 = He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 公务员可看到于上层领导一样多。 no less… than… 与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样。
4) more than 不只是,非常 She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们所有人都友善。
典型例题 1)The weather in China is different from____. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案:D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。
2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。 This ruler is three times as long as that one.
让我们大家一起学习语法, 学过动词时态再来研究形容词与副词, 限定词, 现在我们来学状语从句。 大家可以把下列的资料copy然后粘贴在Notepad或word里, 根据你所知的英语资料,给下面材料进行增添和编辑。 记住啊!可千万不要渗假信息在里面!要对学习有认真的态度, 才能真正学好英语。 然后再把编辑好的文章贴在这里,让我们大家一起讨论学习。 |