国际贸易术语解释通则(2010)
目 录
前言. 1
EXW——工厂交货(……指定地点). 5
FCA——货交承运人(……指定地点). 7
CPT——运费付至(……指定目的港). 10
CIP——运费和保险费付至(……指定目的地) 13
DAT——终点站交货(……指定目的港或目的地) 16
DAP——目的地交货(……指定目的地). 18
DDP——完税后交货(……指定目的地). 20
FAS——船边交货(……指定装运港). 22
FOB——船上交货(……指定装运港). 24
CFR——成本加运费付至(……指定目的港) 27
CIF——成本,保险加运费付至(……指定目的港) 30
国际贸易术语解释通则2010
全球化经济赋予商业以空前宽广途径通往世界各地市场。货物得以在更多的国家、大量且种类愈繁地销售。然而随着全球贸易数额的增加与贸易复杂性的提升,因销售合同不恰当起草引致误解与高代价争端可能性也提高了。
国际贸易术语解释通则这一用于国内与国际贸易事项的国际商会规则使得全球贸易行为更便捷。在销售合同中参引国际贸易术语解释通则2010可清晰界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷的风险。
自1936年国际商会创制国际贸易术语以来,这项在全球范围内普遍被接受的合同标准经常更新,以保持与国际贸易发展步调一致。国际贸易术语解释通则2010版考虑到了全球范围内免税区的扩展,商业交往中电子通讯运用的增多,货物运输中安保问题关注度的提高以及运输实践中的许多变化。国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了“交货规则”——规则的总数从13降到11,并为每一规则提供了更为简洁和清晰的解释。国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一部使得所有解释对买方与卖方呈现中立的贸易解释版本。
国际商会商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和所有贸易领域,该委员会宽泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需要照应。
国际商会向Fabio Bortolotti(意大利)的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意,向由Charles Debattista(副组长,英国),Christoph Martin Radtke (副组长,法国),Jens Bredow (德国),Johnny Herre (瑞典),David Lwee(英国),Lauri Railas (芬兰),Frank Reynold(美国),Miroslav Subert (捷克)组成的起草小组致谢,并且向对11条规则的表述给予帮助的Asko Raty (芬兰)致谢。
前言
Incoterms 2010规则阐释了一系列在货物销售商业(商事)合同实践中使用的三字母系列贸易术语。Incerotms 2010规则主要描述货物从卖方到买方运输过程中涉及的义务、费用和风险的分配。
如何运用Incoterms®2010规则
1.将Incoterms®2010规则订入到你的销售合同中
如果你要使Incoterms规则2010在你的合同中适用,你应该在合同中,通过如“所选择的Incoterms规则(含指定地点)附上Incoterms规则2010”这类文字以明确表示。
2.选择适当的Incoterms规则
所选的Incoterms规则须与货物、其运输方式相称,最重要的是与合同双方是否有意添加额外义务相称,例如安排运输或保险的义务于买方或卖方。每个对贸易术语的指导性解释中都包含对做出此项决定非常有帮助的信息。不论是哪一项Incoterms规则被选用,适用双方应该意识到对合同的说明会颇受到所用港口或地方特有的惯例影响。
3.尽可能精准地说明你所在地方或港口名称
仅当当事人双方选定特定的一个收货地或港口时,所选术语才能发挥作用。且地点或港口名称尽可能精准,Incoterms规则效用就能发挥到极致。以下精准详述就是一个很好的例子:
Incoterms 2010,FCA规则,法国,巴黎,38 Cours Albert 1er
在Incoterms规则下:
EXW 工厂交货(……指定地点)
FCA 货交承运人(……指定地点)”
DAT 终点站交货(……指定目的地)
DAP 地点交货 (……指定目的地)
DDP 完税后交货(……指定目的地)
FAS 船边交货(……指定装运港)
FOB 船上交货(……指定装运港)
此处所指地点为交货地点,同时风险也从卖方转移至买方。Incoterms规则下 CPT (运费付至),CIP (运费、保险费付至),CFR( 成本加运费) ,CIF (成本、保险费加运费),所指地点因交货地不同而不同。在这些Incoterms规则下,所指地点为运费付至地。 为避免疑问和争议,对指定地点或目的地可通过作进一步有益阐述使之成为一个精确的地点。
4..谨记Incoterms规则并没有给当事人提供一份完整的销售合同
Incoterm规则确有阐述销售合同中当事人的特定义务,当卖方将货物运至买方时,办理运输和保险义务的承担。然而,Incoterms并没有任何关于付款价格或付款方式的规定,或是货物所有权的转移,违约的后果等。这些问题通常是通过销售合同的明示条款和适用的法律条文来解决。当事人需要注意的是,当地强制适用的法律有可能优先于销售合同的内容,包括所选择的Incoterms规则。
2010年国际贸易术语解释通则(以下简称Incoterms2010)的主要特点
1.两个新的贸易术语——DAT与DAP,取代了2000年国际贸易术语解释通则中的DAF、DES、DEQ和DDU规则。
国际贸易术语的数量从13个减至11个,这是因为DAT(运输终点交货)和DAP(目的地交货)这两个新规则取代了Incoterms2000中的DAF、DES、DEQ和DDU规则。但这并不影响约定的运输方式的适用。
在这两个新规则下,交货在指定目的地进行:在DAT术语下,买方处置运达并卸载的货物所在地(这与以前的DEQ规定的相同);在DAP术语下,同样是指买方处置,但需做好卸货的准备(这与以前的DAF、DES和DDU规定的相同)。
新的规则使Incoterms2000中的DES和DEQ变得多余。DAT术语下的指定目的地可以是指港口,并且DAT可完全适用于Incoterms2000中DEQ所适用的情形。同样地,DAP术语下的到达的“运输工具”可以是指船舶,指定目的地可以是指港口,因此,DAP可完全适用于Incoterms2000中DES所适用的情形。与其前任规则相同,新规则也是 “到货交付式”的由买方承担所有费用,即买方承担全部费用(除了与进口清算有关的费用)以及货物运至指定目的地前所包含的全部风险。
2.Incoterms2010的11个术语的分类
Incoterms2010的11个术语分为显然不同的两类:
适用于任一或多种运输方式的规则
EWX工厂交货
FCA货交承运人
CPT 运费付至
CIP 运费及保险费付至
DAT 目的地交货
DAP 所在地交货
DDP 完税后交货
只适用与海运及内河运输的规则
FAS 船边交货
FOB船上交货
CFR成本加运费
CIF 成本、保险费加运费
第一类所包含的七个Incoterms2010术语——EWX、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP和DDP,可以适用于特定的运输方式,亦可适用于一种或同时适用于多种运输方式,甚至可适用于非海事运输的情形。但是需要注意,以上这些规则仅适用于存在船舶作为运输工具之一的情形。
在第二类术语中,交货点和把货物送达买方的地点都是港口,所以只适用于“海上或内陆水上运输”。
FAS,FOB,CFR和CIF都属于这一类。最后的三个术语,删除了以越过船舷为交货标准而代之以将货物装运上船。这更贴切的反映了现代商业实际且避免了风险在臆想垂线上来回摇摆这一颇为陈旧的观念。
3. 国内贸易与国际贸易的规定
国际贸易术语解释通则在传统意义被用于存在跨境运输的国际销售合同中,此种交易需要将货物进行跨越国境的运输。然而,在世界许多地区,如欧盟这样的商贸集团已经使得不同国家间的过关手续变得不那么重要。因此,国际贸易术语解释通则2010通过这一副标题正式认可该通则既可以适用于国内的也可以适用于国际的销售合同。所以,国际贸易术语解释通则2010在一些地方明确规定,只有在适当的情形,才存在遵守进/出口手续义务。
两项发展使得国际商会相信在这个方向的改革是适时的。首先,商人们普遍在纯国内销售合同中使用国际贸易术解释通则。其次,比起之前的统一商法典中关于装运和交付的条款,美国人在国内贸易中使用国际贸易术语解释通则意愿增强了。
4、引言
在世界贸易术语解释通则2010的每条规则前面,都有一条引言。引言解释每条规
前面,都有一条引言。引言解释每条规则的基本内容,比如说该规则何时被用到,风险何时发生转移,还有费用如何在卖方和卖方之间分担等等。引言并不是实际的国际贸易术语解释通则2010的规则的组成,但是它们能帮助使用者更准确、更有效地针对特定的贸易运用合适的国际贸易术语解释通则的规则。
5. 电子通信
之前版本的国际贸易术语解释通则已经说明了可以被电子数据交换信息替代的文件。然而,世界贸易术语解释通则2010的A1/B1条赋予电子方式的通信和纸质通信相同的效力,只要缔约双方同意或存在交易惯例。这一规定使世界贸易术语解释通则2010使用期内新的电子程序的发展更顺畅。
6. 保险范围
世界贸易术语解释通则2010是协会货物条款修订以来的第一版世界贸易术语解释通则,并对那些条款的变更做了考虑。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010把有关保险的信息义务规定在A3/B3条,这些条款涉及运输和保险合同。这些条款已经从国际贸易术语解释通则2000的A10/B10条中的更一般的条款中被删除了。为了明确缔约方在该事项上义务,关于保险的A3/B3条的行文也做了变化。
7. 安全清关和这些许可所需要的信息
现如今,货物运送过程中的安全问题得到了高度的重视,要求确认货物除了本身固有性质原因外对人身和财产不造成威胁。因而,在买方和卖方间已经分配了相应的责任,以在取得安全清关中获得或者提供帮助,如在多样国际贸易术语2010中的A2/B2和A10/B10条款中连锁保管的信息。
8、终点站处理费用
在CPT、CIP、CFR、CIF、DAT、DAP和DDP等国际贸易术语规则中,卖家必须为货物到商定好目的地的运输作出安排。虽然运费是由卖家支付的,但因为运费一般被卖方纳入总体销售价格中,所以实际上运费是由买方支付的。
运费有时候会包含港口或集装箱终端设施内处理与移动货物的费用并且承运人和终点站运营方也可能向收到货物的买方收取这些费用。
在这些情况下,买家会希望避免为同一服务缴费两次,一次付给卖家作为销售价格中一部分与一次单独地付给承运人或者终点站运营方。
国际贸易术语解释通则2010在文件A6/B6的相关规则中明确分配这类费用,以求避免类似情形的发生。
9. 连环销售
在农矿产品销售中,相对于工业品的销售,货物经常在链条运转中被频繁销售多次。这种情况发生时,在链条中间环节的卖方并不“船运”这些货物,因为这些货物已经由最开始的卖方船运了。连环运转中间环节的卖方因而履行其对买方的义务,并不是通过船运货物,而是通过“取得”已经被船运的货物。
为明确起见,《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》的规则包含了“取得已船运的货物”的义务,以将此作为通则的相关规则中船运货物义务的替代义务。
国际贸易术语的/变体
有时各方想要改动一项国际术语规则。国际贸易术语规则2010不禁止此类改动,但是这样做会有危险。为了避免任何不欲之意外,各方在他们的合同中将需要使得该改动所需效果极其清晰。因此,比如说,如果国际贸易术语规则2010中的费用分配量在合同中被改变,各方亦需要很清楚的表明他们是否意图改变风险从卖方转至买方的临界点。
本前言的功能地位
本前言为《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》提供运用和解释的总体信息。而并不是这些规则的组成部分。
《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》中术语的使用解释
正如在2000年通则中,买方与卖方的义务以镜像方式呈现:A条款下反映卖方义务;B条款下反映买方义务。这些义务可以由卖方或买方以个人名义履行,有时抑或受制于合同或者适用法律中的个别条款的规定,由诸如承运人、转运代理人等中介组织,或者其他由卖方或者买方基于特定目的而委托的人来履行。
2010年国际贸易术语解释通则语义应是不言而喻了。然而,为了帮助使用者理解,下文将对在文件中通篇被运用的特定规则展开正确、理性的说明。
承运人:就2010年通则而言,承运人是指与托运人签署运输合同的一方。
报关单:这些是指为了遵守任何可适用的海关规定而需要满足的一些要求,可能包括单据、安全、信息或实物之义务。
交货:这个概念在贸易法和实务中有着多重含义,但在2010年通则中,它被用于表明货物遗失损害风险何时由卖方转移到买方。
交货凭证:这个表述现在被用作A8条款的标题。它意指用于证明已完成交货的凭证。对众多的2010年通则条款,交货凭证是指运输凭证或相应的电子记录。然而,在工厂交货(EXW)、货交承运人(FCA)、装运港船边交货(FAS)、装运港船上交货(FOB)的情况下,交货凭证可能只是一个简单的收据。交货凭证也可能有其他功能,比如作为支付机制的组成等等。
电子记录或程序:由一种或更多的电子信息组成的一系列信息,适用情况下,其在效力上与相应的纸质文件等同。
包装:这个词被用于不同的原因:
1.遵照销售合同中任何要求的货物包装。
2.使货物适合运输的包装。
3.集装箱或其他运输工具中已包装货物的配载。
在2010年通则中,包装的含义包括上述第一种和第二种。然而,2010通则并未涉及货物在货柜中的装载义务由谁承担,因而,在相关情形,各方应当在销售合同中做出规定。
EXW——工厂交货(……指定地点)
本条规则与(当事人)所选择的运输模式无关,即便(当事人)选择多种运输模式,亦可适用该规则。本规则较适用于国内交易,对于国际交易,则应选FCA[1] “货交承运人(……指定地点)”规则为佳。
“工厂交货(---指定地点)”是指当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点(如工场(强调生产制造场所)、工厂(制造场所)或仓库等)将货物交给买方处置时,即完成交货。卖方不需将货物装上任何运输工具,在需要办理出口清关手续时,卖方亦不必为货物办理出口清关手续。
双方都应该尽可能明确的指定货物交付地点,因为此时(交付前的)费用与风险由卖方承担。买方必须承当在双方约定的地点或在指定地受领货物的全部费用和风险。
EXW 是卖方承担责任最小的术语。它应遵守以下使用规则:
卖方没有义务为买方装载货物,即使在实际中由卖方装载货物可能更方便。若由卖方装载货物,相关风险和费用亦由买方承担。如果卖方在装载货物中处于优势地位,则使用由卖方承担装载费用与风险的FCA术语通常更合适。
买方在与卖方使用EXW术语时应知晓,卖方仅在买方要求(更符合术语特质)办理出口手续时负有协助的义务:(但是),卖方并无义务主动(更强调最小义务,吸收进2010年本身的意义)办理出口清关手续。因此如果买方不能直接或间接地办理出口清关手续,建议买方不要使用EXW术语。
买方承担向卖方提供关于货物出口之信息的有限义务。但是,卖方可能需要这些用作诸如纳税(申报税款)、报关等目的的信息。
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须按照销售合同提供货物和商业发票,以及合同可能要求的、用以证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
所有在A1-A10条款中提及的文件,(均)可采用经当事人协定或约定俗成、具有同等作用的电子记录或者手续。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须按照买卖合同之规定支付货物价款。
所有在B1-B10条款中提及的文件,(均)可采用经当事人协定或约定俗成、具有同等作用的电子记录或者手续。 |
A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在需要办理海关手续时,应买方要求并由买方承当风险和费用时,卖方应协助买方办理出口货物必须的出口许可证或其他官方许可。
应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用,在需要办理海关手续时,卖方必须提供其掌握的货物安全检查所要求的任何信息。 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在需要办理海关手续时, 买方必须自担风险和费用,由其取得任何出口和进口许可证或其他官方许可,并办理货物出口的一切海关手续。
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A3运输合同与保险合同
a) 运输合同
卖方没有为买方签订运输合同的义务
b) 保险合同
卖方没有义务与买方签订保险合同。然而,当买方请求或由其承担风险与(或有的)费用时,卖方必须向买方提供其获取保险所需要的信息。 |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同
买方没有为卖方签订运输合同的义务
b)保险合同
买方没有与卖方签订保险合同的义务
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A4 交货
卖方应在约定点或在指定地点将未置于任何运输车辆上的货物交给买方处置。若在指定的地点内未约定具体交货点,或有若干个交货点可使用,卖方可选择最符合其目的之地进行交货。卖方需在约定地或约定时间内交货。 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方必须在卖方按照A4 和A7 规定交货时受领货物。 |
A5风险转移
除发生B5中所描述之灭失或损坏的情形外,卖方必须承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,直至已经按照A4规定交货为止。 |
B5风险转移
自卖方按A4规定交货之时起,买方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
如果买方未按照B7之规定通知卖方,则自约定的交货日期或交货期限届满之日起,买方必须承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,但以该项货物已清楚地确定为合同项下之货物为限。 |
A6 费用划分
除B6预设的可由买方支付的费用外,卖方必须承担与货物有关的所有费用,直到其按照A4规定交货为止。 |
B6 费用划分
买方必须支付:
自按照 A4规定交货之时起与货物有关的一切费用;
在货物已交给买方处置而买方未受领货物或未按照 B7规定给予卖方相应通知而发生的任何额外费用,但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下为限;
在需要办理海关手续时,货物出口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,以及办理海关手续的费用。
卖方按照 A2规定给予协助时所发生的一切成本与费用。 |
A7通知买方
卖方必须提供能使买方提货的所需通知。 |
B7通知卖方
一旦买方有权确定在约定的期限内受领货物的具体时间和/或地点时,应就此给予卖方充分的通知 |
A8交货凭证
卖方无义务。 |
B8交货证明
买方必须向卖方提供已受领货物的适当凭证。 |
A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方必须支付与A4规定一致的、以交付货物为目的的查对费用(如查对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用)。
卖方必须支付货物包装费用,除非是不需要包装便可进行运输的特殊货物。卖方应采取适宜运输的包装方式,除非买方在签订买卖合同前便告知卖方特定的包装要求。包装应作适当标记。
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B9 货物检验
买方必须支付装船前检验的强制性费用, 包括由出口国当局强制检查(的费用)。 |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
应买方要求并由其承当风险和费用时,卖方须在合适的情况下为买方提供及时的帮助,以帮助买方取得其出口和/或进口货物以及将货物运至最后目的地所需的任何单据和信息,包括与安全有关的信息。
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B10信息帮助和相关费用
为使卖方可以履行A10之规定,买方必须及时通知卖方其对于相关交易安全信息的要求。
买方必须补偿卖方(由于提供给买方获得A10中提到的讯息和单据而可能)产生的所有费用和代价。
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CIP——运费和保险费付至(……指定目的地)
该术语可适用于各种运输方式,也可以用于使用两种以上的运输方式时。
“运费和保险费付至”含义是在约定的地方(如果该地在双方间达成一致)卖方向承运人或是卖方指定的另一个人发货,以及卖方必须签订合同和支付将货物运至目的地的运费。
卖方还必须订立保险合同以防买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险。买方应注意到CIP(运费和保险费付至指定目的地)术语只要求卖方投保最低限度的保险险别。如买方需要更多的保险保障,则需要与卖方明确地达成协议,或者自行作出额外的保险安排。
在CPT,CIP,CFR和CIF在这些术语下,当卖方将货物交付与承运人时而不是货物到达目的地时,卖方已经完成其交货义务。
由于风险和费用因地点之不同而转移,本规则有两个关键点。买卖双方最好在合同中尽可能精确地确认交货地点,风险转移至买方地,以及卖方必须订立运输合同所到达的指定目的地。若将货物运输至约定目的地用到若干承运人而买卖双方未就具体交货点达成一致,则默认为风险自货物于某一交货点被交付至第一承运人时转移,该交货点完全由卖方选择而买方无权控制。如果买卖双方希望风险在之后的某一阶段转移(例如在一个海港或一个机场),则他们需要在其买卖合同中明确之。
将货物运输至具体交货地点的费用由卖方承担,因此双方最好尽可能明确在约定的目的地的具体交货地点。卖方最好制定与此次交易精确匹配的的运输合同。如果卖方按照运输合同在指定的目的地卸货而支付费用,除非双方另有约定,卖方无权向买方追讨费用。
CIP术语要求卖方在必要时办理货物出口清关手续。但是,卖方不承担办理货物进口清关手续,支付任何进口关税,或者履行任何进口报关手续的义务。
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票,以及合同可能要求的其他任何凭证。
如经双方当事人约定或者存在惯例,那么A1-A10中提及的任何文件都可以是一个等价的电子版的记录或程序。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须按照销售合同规定支付货物价款。
经买卖双方同意或依据惯例,B1-B10中所述之单据可以是同等作用的电子备案手续。 |
A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
如有需要,卖方必须自担风险和费用,取得任何出口许可证或其他官方授权,并办理货物出口及交货前货物从他国国境所需的一切海关手续 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
需要取得进口许可证、办理海关手续时,买方应当自担风险与费用,取得任何进口许可以及其他官方授权,并办理货物进口以及从他国过境的一切海关手续。 |
A3运输合同与保险合同
a) 运输合同
卖方必须订立一个货物运输合同,以将货物从交付地区的约定的任何的交付点,运送至指定的目的地,或者也可以运至指定地区约定的具体地点。
卖方必须自行承担费用,并按照通常条件订立运输合同,同时合同须依照通常路线及习惯方式来提供货物。
若未约定或按照惯例也不能确定具体的地点,则卖方可选择最符合其目的的交货点,以及在指定目的地的最适合其目的的交货点
b) 保险合同
卖方必须自付费用取得货物保险,该货物保险至少应按照《协会货物保险条款》(劳埃德市场协会/国际保险人协会)的条款或其他类似条款中的最低保险险别投保。保险合同应与信誉良好的保险人或保险公司订立,并赋予买方或任何其他对货物具有保险利益的人直接向保险人索赔的权利。
当买方提出要求时,卖方应要求并且根据买方所提供的必要信息,在可行的情况下,由买方付费给予买方加投额外的保险,比如给予《协会货物保险条款》(劳埃德市场协会/国际保险人协会)中的条款(A)或者(B)的险级保障或类似条款的险级保障,和/或给予《协会战争条款》和/或《协会罢工条款》或者其他类似条款的险级保障。
保险金额最低限度应包括合同规定价款的另加10%(即110%),并应采用合同中约定的货币。
保险应当包括,从 A4和A5中规定的发货起点起,至少到达指定目的地的货物。
卖方应向买方提供保险单或者其他保险范围的证据。
此外,卖方必须根据买方的要求、风险和费用(如果有的话),向买方提供买方需要投资额外保险的信息。 |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同
买方对卖方没有义务制定运输合同。
b)保险合同
买方对卖方没有义务制定保险合同。但是,应卖方要求,买方必须按照A3 b)的规定向卖方提供必要的信息,以便卖方应买方之要求购买任何额外的保险。 |
A4 交货
卖方必须按照约定日期或期限,向按照A3规定订立合同的承运人交货 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时受领货物,并在指定的目的地从承运人处收受货物。 |
A5风险转移
卖方在按照A4的规定交付商品之前,承担所有的货物毁损或灭失责任,但货物的毁损或灭失是由于B5所述的情况的除外。 |
B5风险转移
买方承担按照A4规定交货后货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
买方如未按照B7规定通知卖方,则必须从约定的交货日期或交货期限届满之日起,承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,但以该项货物明确的规定为合同项下之货物为限。 |
A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付
a) 直至按照A4的规定交货为止前与货物有关的一切费用,除B6中规定的买家所需支付的费用;
b) 按照A3 a)规定所发生的运费和其他一切费用,包括装船费和根据运输合同应由卖方支付的在目的地的卸货费;
c) 按照A3 b)规定所发生的保险费用;及
d) 在需要办理海关手续时,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费用,以及货物出口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,以及根据运输合同由卖方支付的货物从他国过境的费用。 |
B6 费用划分
根据A3 a)的规定,买方应当支付
a)根据A4规定的从交货时起与货物有关的一切费用,除了在可适用情况下,货物出口所需的海关手续费用,以及关税、税额和A6中规定的出口所应支付的其他费用应由卖方支付
b)及货物在运输途中直至到达约定目的地为止的一切费用,除非这些费用根据运输合同约定应由卖方支付
c)及卸载费,除非这些费用根据运输合同约定应由卖方支付
d)如买方未按照B7规定给予卖方通知,则自约定的装运日期或装运期限届满之日起,货物所发生的任何额外费用,但以该项货物已经清楚地确定为合同项下的货物为限;
e)在需要办理海关手续时,货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,及办理海关手续的费用,以及从他国过境的费用,除非这些费用已包括在运输合同中。及
f)在A3和B3之下,应买方要求购买任何额外保险的费用 |
A7通知买方
卖方必须通知买方货物已按照A4规定交货。
买方必须给予买方任何有必要的通知,以便买方能够为接收货物而采取通常必要的措施 |
B7通知卖方
一旦买方有权决定发运货物的时间和/或指定的目的地/或接收货物目的地的具体地点,买方必须就此给予卖方充分通知。 |
A8交货凭证
如果依习惯或按照买方要求,卖方必须自付费用向买方提供按照A3订立的运输合同所涉及的通常运输单据
这份运输单据必须包括合同货物并且要在约定的运输期间内签署。如果依照约定或习惯,这份单据也必须要让买方能在确定的地点向运输方领取货物,并且还要让买方能通过转让单据给下一个买家或告知运输方的方式卖出货物。
当这样一份单据以协商的形式订立并且有若干原件的时候,必须向买方提供所有原件。 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受按照A8规定提供的运输单据,如果该单据符合合同规定的话。 |
A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方必须支付为按照A4规定交货所需进行的查对费用(如核对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用)以及出口国有关机关的装运前的强制检验费用。
卖方必须自付费用,包装货物,除非按照相关行业惯例此类买卖货物无需包装发运。卖方可以以适合运输的方式包装货物,除非买方在销售合同签订前通知卖方具体的包装要求。包装应作适当标记。 |
B9 货物检验
买方必须支付任何强制性装运前检验费用,但出口国有关当局强制进行的检验除外。。 |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
如有需要,应买方的要求并由其负担风险与费用,卖方必须以适时的方法,提供或协助买方取得任何单据或信息,包括与货物出口安全或/和货物运送至最终目的地所需有关的信息,。
卖方必须补偿买方依B10的情况因提供或给予协助取得所需之单据或信息的所有费用。 |
B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方必须及时通知卖方任何安全信息要求,以使卖方遵守A10的规定.
买方必须偿付卖方因给予协助和获取A10所述单据和信息所发生的一切费用.
当需要时,应卖方要求并由其承担风险和费用,买方必须及时向卖方提供或协助卖方获得任何单据和信息,包括卖方为了货物的运输和出口和从他国过境所需要的与安全相关的信息。 |
DAT——终点站交货(……指定目的港或目的地)
此规则可用于选择的各种运输方式,也适用于选择的一个以上的运输方式。
“终点站交货”是指,卖方在指定的目的港或目的地的指定的终点站卸货后将货物交给买方处置即完成交货。“终点站”包括任何地方,无论约定或者不约定,包括码头,仓库,集装箱堆场或公路,铁路或空运货站。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地和卸货所产生的一切风险和费用。
建议当事人尽量明确地指定终点站,如果可能,(指定)在约定的目的港或目的地的终点站内的一个特定地点,因为(货物)到达这一地点的风险是由卖方承担建议卖方签订一份与这样一种选择准确契合的运输合同。
此外,若当事人希望卖方承担从终点站到另一地点的运输及管理货物所产生的风险和费用,那么此时DAP(目的地交货)或DDP(完税后交货)规则应该被适用。
在必要的情况下,DAT规则要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。但是,卖方没有义务办理货物进口清关手续并支付任何进口税或办理任何进口报关手续。
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他凭证。
如果在当事人约定或者依据商业惯例的情况下,A1—A10条款中提及的任何单据都可以是具有同等效力的电子记录或者手续。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须根据买卖合同中规定的货物价格履行交付义务。
如果买卖双方有约定或者有商业惯例的情况下,B1至B10中提到的任何单据都可以是具有同等效力的电子记录或者手续。
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A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在必要的情况下,卖方必须自担风险和费用,在交货前取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可,并且在需要办理海关手续时办理货物出口和从他国过境所需的一切海关手续。 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在必要的情况下,买方必须自担风险和费用,取得所需的进口许可证或其他官方许可证,并办理货物进口所需的一切海关手续。
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A3运输合同与保险合同
a) 运输合同
卖方必须自付费用订立运输合同,将货物运至指定目的港或目的地的指定终点站。如未约定或按照交易习惯也无法确定具体交货点,卖方可在目的港或目的地选择最符合其交易目的的终点站(交货)。
b) 保险合同
卖方没有为买方签订保险合同的义务。但是,卖方在买方的要求下,必须向买方提供买方借以获得保险服务的信息,其中如果存在风险和费用,一概由买方承担。 |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同
买方没有为卖方签订运输合同的义务。
b)保险合同
买方没有为卖方签订保险合同的义务。但是如果卖方要求,买方则必须向卖方提供必要的关于获得保险的必要信息。
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A4 交货
卖方必须在约定的日期或期限内,在目的港或目的地中按A3条a)款所指定的终点站,将货物从交货的运输工具上卸下,并交给买方处置完成交货。 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
货物已按A4的规定交付时,买受人必须受领货物。 |
A5风险转移
除了B5条所描述的(货物)灭失或损坏的情形外,卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,直至货物已经按照A4条的规定交付为止。
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B5风险转移
自货物已按A4条的规定交付时起,买方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
如果买方未按B2条的规定履行义务,买方承担由此产生的货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
如果买方未按B7条的规定给予通知,自约定的交付货物的日期或期间届满之日起,买方承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,但以该项货物已经被清楚地确定为合同货物为限。 |
A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付
a)除了按B6条规定的由买方支付的费用外,包括因A3条a)款产生的费用,以及直至货物已按A4条的规定交付为止而产生的一切与货物有关的费用;以及
b)在必要的情况下,在按照A4条规定的交货之前,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费用及货物出口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,以及货物经由他国过境运输的费用。 |
B6 费用划分
买方必须支付
a)自货物已按A4条的规定交付时起,与货物有关的一切费用。
b)任何因买方未按B2条规定履行义务或未按B7条给予通知而使卖方额外支付的费用,但以该项货物已经被清楚地确定为合同货物为限;以及
c)在必要的情况下, 货物进口需要办理的海关手续费用及货物进口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用。 |
A7通知买方
卖方必须提供买方需要的任何通知,以便买方能够为受领货物而采取通常必要的措施。 |
B7通知卖方
一旦买方有权决定于约定期限内受领货物的时间点和/或于指定的目的地受领货物的具体位置,买方必须就此给予卖方充分通知。 |
A8交货凭证
卖方必须自付费用向买方提供提货单据,使买方能够如同A4或B4条的规定提取货物 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受卖方提供的符合A8条款规定的交货单据 |
A9 检查、包装、标志
买方必须支付按A4条规定为交付货物目的所需的检查(如质检、度量、称重、计数)费用。同时,卖方也必须支付出口国当局强制进行的任何装船前检查所产生的费用。
卖方必须支出费用以包装货物,除非在特定贸易中所售货物通常以不包装的形式运输。卖方应该以适合运输的方式包装货物, 除非买方在买卖合同成立之前指定了具体的包装要求。包装应该被合理地标记。 |
B9 货物检验
买受人必须支付装船前强制检验的费用,但出口国当局强制装船前检验的除外。 |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
卖方必须,在必要的情况下,根据买方的要求,及时向买方提供或者协助买方获得其所需的进口货物和/或将货物运输至目的地的任何单据和信息,包括与安全相关的信息,其中如果存在风险和费用,一概由买方承担。
卖方必须偿还按照B10条规定的买方因(向卖方)提供或协助(卖方)获得文件和信息所花费的一切费用。 |
B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方必须及时地告知卖方任何与货物安全信息要求相关的建议,以便于卖方可以遵守A10条的相关规定。
买方必须偿还卖方依照A10条规定(向买方)提供或协助(买方)获得单据和信息的过程中所花费的一切成本和费用。
买方必须,在必要的情况下,依照卖方的要求,及时(向卖方)提供或者协助(卖方)获得其所需的运输和出口货物及经由他国过境运输的任何单据和信息,包括与安全相关的信息,其中如果存在风险和费用,一概由卖方承担。 |
DAP——目的地交货(……指定目的地)
DAP是《国际贸易术语解释通则2010》新添加的术语,取代了的DAF[2](边境交货)、DES[3](目的港船上交货)和DDU[4](未完税交货)三个术语。
该规则的适用不考虑所选用的运输方式的种类,同时在选用的运输方式不止一种的情形下也能适用。
目的地交货的意思是:卖方在指定的交货地点,将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置即完成交货。卖方须承担货物运至指定目的地的一切风险。
尽管卖方承担货物到达目的地前的风险,该规则仍建议双方将合意交货目的地指定尽量明确。建议卖方签订恰好匹配该种选择的运输合同。如果卖方按照运输合同承受了货物在目的地的卸货费用,那么除非双方达成一致,卖方无权向买方追讨该笔费用。
在需要办理海关手续时(在必要时/适当时),DAP规则要求应有卖方办理货物的出口清关手续,但卖方没有义务办理货物的进口清关手续,支付任何进口税或者办理任何进口海关手续,如果当事人希望卖方办理货物的进口清关手续,支付任何进口税和办理任何进口海关手续,则应适用DDP规则
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及该合同可能要求的其他凭证。
如果依当事人的协议或按照惯例,在A1-A10条款中涉及到的任何单据均可以是具有同等效力的电子记录或程序。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须按照销售合同支付货物的价款。
如果依当事人的协议或按照惯例,在B1-B10条款中涉及到的任何单据均可以是具有同等效力的电子记录和程序。 |
A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在需要办理海关手续时,卖方必须自担风险和费用取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可,并且办理出口货物和交付前运输通过某国所必须的一切海关手续。 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在需要办理海关手续时,买方必须自担风险和费用,取得任何进口许可证或其他官方许可,并且办理货物进口的一切海关手续。 |
A3运输合同与保险合同
a)运输合同
卖方必须自付费用订立运输合同,将货物运至指定的交货地点。如未约定或按照惯例也无法确定指定的交货地点,则卖方可在指定的交货地点选择最适合其目的的交货点。
b)保险合同
卖方对买方没有义务订立保险合同。但是如果买方提出需要保险合同的要求,并且自己承担风险和费用,那么卖方应该提供订立保险合同需要的全部信息。 |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同
买方对卖方没有义务订立运输合同。
b)保险合同
买方对卖方没有义务订立保险合同。但是如果买方想获得保险,就必须向卖方提出自己需要保险的要求,并且向卖方提供必要的信息。
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A4 交货
卖方必须在约定日期或期限内,在指定的交货地点,将仍处于约定地点的交货运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置。 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方必须在卖方按照A4 规定交货时受领货物。 |
A5风险转移
除B5 规定者外,卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,直至已经按照A4 规定交货为止。
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B5风险转移
买方必须承担按照A4 规定交货之时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
如果
a) 买方没有履行B2中规定的义务,则买方承担所有货物灭失或者毁损的风险。
或者
b) 买方没有按照B7中的规定履行其告知义务,
则必须从约定的交货日期或交货期限届满之日起,承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。但是必须确认上面所讲的货物是合同中所指的货物。 |
A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付
a) 除依B6规定由买方支付费用以外的,按照A3a)规定发生的费用及按照A4规定在目的地交货前与货物有关的一切费用;
b) 根据运输合同约定,在目的地发生应由卖方支付的任何卸货费用,及
c) 在需要办理海关手续时,货物出口要办理的海关手续费用及货物出口时应交的一切关税、税款和其他费用,以及按照A4 规定交货前从他国过境的费用。 |
B6 费用划分
买方必须支付
a)自按照A4的规定交货时起与货物有关的一切费用;
b)在指定目的地将货物从交货运输工具上卸下以受领货物的一切卸货费,除非这些费用按照运输合同是由卖方承担;
c)在这项货物已清楚地确定为合同项下货物的条件下,若买方未能按照B2规定履行义务或未按照B7规定给予卖方通知,卖方因此而产生的一切费用;及
d)在需要办理海关手续时,办理海关手续的费用及货物进口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用。 |
A7通知买方
卖方必须给予买方必要的通知,以便买方能够为受领货物而采取通常必要的措施。 |
B7通知卖方
一旦买方有权决定在约定期限内的时间和/或在指定的受领货物的地点,买方必须就此给予卖方充分通知。 |
A8交货凭证
卖方必须自付费用,按照A4/B4的规定,向买方提供买方可以据以提取货物的凭证。 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受卖方按照A8 规定提供交货单据。 |
A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方必须支付为按照A4 规定交货所需进行的查对费用(如核对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用)以及出口国有关当局强制进行的检验的费用。
卖方必须自己负担货物包装费用,除非是在特定交易中通常无需包装货物的情况。卖方需要以适合于运输的方式包装货物,除非买方在买卖合同缔结之前告知卖方具体的包装方式。包装应作适当标记。 |
B9 货物检验
买方必须支付任何强制的装船前检验的费用,但出口国有关当局强制进行的检验除外。 |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
在需要办理海关手续时,应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用,卖方必须及时为买方提供其在货物进口或货物运输过程中所需的各类文本及信息协助,包括相关安全信息。
在获取单据或信息时,卖方必须偿付买方按照B10规定提供或给予协助的所有费用。 |
B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方必须及时告知卖方所有的安全信息需求以便卖方能够遵守A10的规定。在获取单据或信息时,买方必须偿付卖方按照A10规定提供或给予协助的所有费用。
应卖方要求并由其承担风险和费用,买方必须及时为卖方提供其在货物进口或货物运输过程中所需的各类单据及信息协助,包括相关安全信息。 |
DDP——完税后交货(……指定目的地)
这条规则可以适用于任何一种运输方式,也可以适用于同时采用多种运输方式的情况。
“完税后交货”是指卖方在指定的目的地,将货物交给买方处置,并办理进口清关手续,准备好将在交货运输工具上的货物卸下交与买方,完成交货。卖方承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用,并有义务办理出口清关手续与进口清关手续,对进出口活动负责,以及办理一切海关手续。
DDP术语下卖方承担最大责任。
因为到达指定地点过程中的费用和风险都由卖方承担,建议当事人尽可能明确地指定目的地。建议卖方在签订的运输合同中也正好符合上述选择的地点。如果卖方致使在目的地卸载货物的成本低于运输合同的约定,则卖方无权收回成本,当事人之间另有约定的除外。
如果卖方不能直接或间接地取得进口许可,不建议当事人使用DDP术语。
如果当事方希望买方承担进口的所有风险和费用,应使用DAP术语。
任何增值税或其他进口时需要支付的税项由卖方承担,合同另有约定的除外。
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及合同可能要求的,证明货物符合合同规定的其他凭证。
其他凭证指在A1至A10中双方达成共识的或习惯的具有同种作用的电子信息和程序。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须按照销售合同的规定支付商品的价款。
在双方协商同意或遵循惯例的情况下,B1到B10中所提到的任何文件可能是一种有同等作用的电子记录或程序。 |
A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
需要办理海关手续时,卖方须自担风险费用,取得所有进出口许可证或其他官方许可,并办理进出口货物,在他国运输的一切必要海关手续。 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在合适的情况下,应卖方的请求买方必须向卖方提供援助,买方自担风险和费用,并且帮助卖方取得取得进口货物的许可证并办理官方的手续。 |
A3运输合同与保险合同
运输合同
卖方必须自付费用订立运输合同,将货物运至指定目的地或者指定地点,若可以的话,到指定目的地。如未约定或按照惯例也无法确定具体交货点,则卖方可在的目的地选择最适合其目的的交货点。
保险合同
卖方没有义务与买方订立保险合同。但是,在在买方的要求下、买方承担风险或者费用(如果有的话)的情形下,卖方必须告知买方需要取得保险。 |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同 买方没有义务订立运输合同
b)保险合同 相对于卖方买方没有义务订立保险合同,但是应卖方请求,买方应提供关于保险的必要信息。 |
A4 交货
卖方必须在约定的日期或者期限内,在位于指定目的地的约定地点(如果有约定),将运输工具上准备卸下来的货物交与买方处置。 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时,受领货物 |
A5风险转移
除了B5所规定的情形以外,由卖方承担货物损毁或者灭失的所有风险,一直到货物已经按照A4的规定交货为止。 |
B5风险转移
按照A4的规定受领货物之后,买方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险:如果
a)买方没有履行按照B2之规定的义务,那么他必须承担由此导致的货物灭失或者损坏的风险;或者
b)买方没有尽到B7所规定的通知义务,那么他必须承担自约定的交货日期或者自交货期限届满之日起的货物灭失或损坏的风险。
前提是,货物必须已经证明是合同中规定的货物。 |
A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付的费用包括:
a) 除了由A3 a)之外所产生的费用以外,直到货品按照A4的规定交货之前,所有相关的一切费用,不包括那些B6中所提到的由买方支付的费用;
b) 根据运输合同的规定,在交货地的任何卸货费用都有卖方承担。
c) 在适用的情况下,出口和进口所必需的报关费用以及一切关税,税款和其他在出口和进口货品时应支付的费用,以及货品在交付之前,按照A4的规定运输途中因通过其他国家所产生的费用。 |
B6 费用划分
买方必须支付
a)从货物被交付之日起与货物相关的全部费用,正如A4所设想的
b)在指定目的地卸载必需品的所有费用,包括从运输方式到接收货物整个过程的所有费用,除非按照运输合同,这些费用是由卖方支付;
c)在货物已被确定为合同项下货物的前提下,如果没有按照B2履行其义务或没有按照B7发出通知所造成的额外的费用 |
A7通知买方
卖方必须给予买方任何需要通知,以便买方能够为受领货物而采取通常必要的措施 |
B7通知卖方
一旦买方有权确定在约定的期限内受领货物的具体时间和地点时,卖方必须就此给予买方充分的通知 |
A8交货凭证
卖方必须自付费用向买方提供,带着单据使授予权利的买方为受领货物作为设想在A4/B4。 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受按照A8中规定提供的交货凭证。
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A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方必须支付为按照A4规定交货所需进行的查对费用(如核对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用)以及任何由出口国当局强制进行的装运前检验费用。
卖方必须自付包装货物的费用,除非按照相关行业惯例,运送此类货物无需包装即可销售。卖方可以按习惯用适合运输的方式来包装货物,除非买方在买卖合同签订之前告知了卖方特殊的包装要求。包装应作适当标记。 |
B9 货物检验
:买方无义务对卖方支付由进出口国家相关部门所规定的运前强制性检验货物的相关规定所引起的任何费用。
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A10信息帮助和相关费用
由买方提出要求并同时承担风险和费用,卖方必须及时给予买方协助,以帮助其获取任何所需的单据及信息,包括买方在货物从目的地约定区域至最终目的地的运输中需要办理海关手续时的相关投保信息。
卖方必须支付买方在为卖方获取B10所规定的单据及信息而提供的协作中发生的一切费用。 |
B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方应当及时把一切安全信息要求通知卖方以便卖方按照A10条款履行义务。
买方必须支付卖方为获取A10 所述单据或信息提供协助时所发生的费用。
应卖方要求并由其承担风险和费用,买方必须在合适的地点及时对卖方提供协助,以帮助其取得货物进出口以及在任何国家运输过程中所需的一切单据和包括安全相关信息在内的所有信息。 |
FAS——船边交货(……指定装运港)
这项规则仅适用于海运和内河运输
“船边交货”是指卖方在指定装运港将货物交到买方指定的船边(例如码头上或驳船上),即完成交货。从那时起,货物灭失或损坏的风险发生转移,并且由买方承担所有费用。
当事方应当尽可能明确的在指定装运港指定出装货地点,这是因为到这一地点的费用与风险由卖方承担,并且根据港口交付惯例这些费用及相关的手续费可能会发生变化。
卖方在船边交付货物或者获得已经交付装运的货物。这里所谓的“获得”迎合了链式销售,在商品贸易中十分普遍。
当货物通过集装箱运输时,卖方通常在终点站将货物交给承运人,而不是在船边。在这种情况下,船边交货规则不适用,而应当适用货交承运人规则。
船边交货规则要求卖方在需要时办理货物出口清关手续。但是,卖方没有任何义务办理货物进口清关、支付任何进口税或者办理任何进口海关手续。
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
如果双方达成协议或者是有惯例可循,A1到A10条款中所述的单据可能是有同等效力的电子记录或手续。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须按照销售合同规定支付货物的价款。
如果双方达成协议或者是有惯例可循,B1到B2条款中所述的单据可能是有同等效力的电子记录或手续。
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A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在需要办理海关手续时,卖方必须自担风险和费用,取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可,办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在需要办理海关手续时,买方必须自担风险和费用,由买方取得任何进口许可证或其他官方许可,并办理货物进口和从他国过境所需的一切海关手续。 |
A3运输合同与保险合同
a) 运输合同
卖方没有订立运输合同的义务。但若买方要求,或者如果是商业惯例而买方未适时给予卖方相反指示,则卖方可按照通常条件订立运输合同,费用和风险由买方承当。在以上任何一种情况下,卖方都可以拒绝订立此合同;如果拒绝,则应立即通知买方。
b) 保险合同
卖方没有订立保险合同的义务。但是应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用(如果有费用产生),卖方必须提供给买方订立保险时所需要的信息。 |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a) 运输合同
买方必须自行承担运费,订立自指定装运港运输货物的合同。卖方按照A3a)订立了运输合同时除外。
b) 保险合同
买方没有订立保险合同的义务。 |
A4 交货
卖方必须在买方指定的装运港,在买方指定的装货地点(如果有指定的装货地点),将货物交至买方指定的船边,或者取得已经交付的货物。不论用哪种方式,卖方必须在约定的日期或者期限内,按照该港的习惯方式交付货物。
如果买方没有指定特别的装货地点,卖方可以在指定的装运港内选择最符合其目的的地点。如果双方约定在一定时期内交付货物,则买方可以在约定时期内选择交货日期。 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方必须在卖方依照A4的规定交货时受领货物。 |
A5风险转移
除B5规定的情况外,卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,直至已按照A4规定交货为止。 |
B5风险转移
自依照A4的规定交货时起,买方承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。
如果买方没有按照B7的规定通知卖方;或者
买方指定的船只未按时到达,或未接收货物,或较B7通知的时间提早停止装货;
那么自约定的交货日期或期限届满时起,如果明确确定该项货物为合同项下之货物,买方承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。 |
A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付:
a)直至已经按照A4规定交货为止的与货物有关的一切费用,除了按照B6规定的应由卖方支付的;及
b)在需要时,货物出口时办理的海关手续费用,及应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用. |
B6 费用划分
买方必须支付:
a)自按照A4的规定交货时起的与货物有关的一切费用,除了A6中b项规定的在需要办理海关手续时,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费用,及货物出口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用;
b)因发生下列情况产生的一切额外费用:
(ⅰ)买方未按照B7规定及时通知卖方,及
(ⅱ)在已经明确确定该项货物为合同项下之货物的情况下,买方指定的货船没有及时到达,无法装载货物,或早于B7规定的时间停止装货产生的费用。
c. 在需要时,货物进口时办理海关手续的费用及应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,以及从他国运输过境的费用。 |
A7通知买方
由买方承担风险和费用,卖方必须给予买方关于货物已按A4规定交付或者船舶未能在约定的时间内接收货物的充分通知。 |
B7通知卖方
买方必须给卖方关于船舶的名称、装船地点以及,如有必要,在约定期限内选定的交付时间的充分通知。 |
A8交货凭证
卖方承担费用并向买方提供关于货物已按A4规定交付的通常证明。
除非上述证明是运输单据,应买方请求并由买方承担风险和费用,卖方必须协助买方取得运输单据。 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受按照A8规定所提供的交付证明。
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A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方必须支付为了按照A4规定交货所必须进行的核对费用(如核对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用),还包括出口国有关当局强制进行的任何装运前的检验费用。
卖方必须自付货物包装费用,除非按照相关行业惯例,该种货物无需包装发运。卖方可以提供符合其安排的运输所要求的包装,除非买方在销售合同成交前已通知卖方具体的包装要求。包装应作适当标记。 |
B9 货物检验
买方必须支付任何装运前检验的费用,但出口国有关当局强制进行的检验除外。。 |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
有需要时,应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用,卖方必须及时的提供或给予买方协助,以帮助买方取得任何文件和信息,包括买方为了货物进口和/或运送到最终目的地所需要的与安全有关的信息。
卖方必须偿还买方所有因买方在提供或给予B10中规定的取得文件和信息方面的帮助时引起的花费和支出。 |
B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方必须以及时的方式向卖方提出任何安全信息要求,这样卖方才可能遵守A10。
买方必须偿还卖方所有因其在提供或给予A10中规定的取得文件和信息方面的帮助时引起的花费和支出。
应卖方要求并由其承担风险和费用,买方必须在适当的时候以及时的方式提供或给予卖方协助,以帮助卖方取得任何文件和信息,包括卖方为了货物运输和出口以及运经任何国家所需要的与安全有关的信息。 |
FOB——船上交货(……指定装运港)
本规则只适用于海运或内河运输。
“船上交货”是指卖方在指定的装运港,将货物交致买方指定的船只上,或者指(中间销售商)设法获取这样交付的货物。一旦装船,买方将承担货物灭失或损坏造成的所有风险。
卖方被要求将货物交至船只上或者获得已经这样交付装运的货物。这里所谓的“获得”迎合了连是销售,在商品贸易中十分普遍。
FOB不适用于货物在装船前移交给承运人的情形。比如,货物通过集装箱运输,并通常在目的地交付。在这些情形下,适用FCA的规则。
在适用FOB时,销售商负责办理货物出口清关手续。但销售商无义务办理货物进口清关手续、缴纳进口关税或是办理任何进口报关手续
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票,以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
根据双方合意或交易习惯任何A1至A10条提及的单据都可以作为同等效力的电子凭证或手续。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。
根据双方合意或交易习惯任何B1至B10条提及的单据都可以作为同等效力的电子凭证或手续 |
A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在条约适用的情况下,卖方必须自担风险和费用,取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可,并办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
如果适用,买方在自担风险和费用的情况下,自行决定是否取得任何进口许可证或其他官方许可,或办理货物进口和在必要时从他国过境时所需的一切海关手续。 |
A3运输合同与保险合同
a)运输合同
卖方没有义务为买方订立运输合同。但如果是根据买方要求或交易习惯且买方没有及时提出相反要求,由买方承担风险和费用的情况下,卖方可以按一般条款为买方订立运输合同。在上述任一种情况下,卖方有权拒绝为买方订立运输合同,如果卖方订立运输合同,应及时通知买方。
b)保险合同
卖方没有义务向买方提供保险合同。但是当买方要求的时候,卖方必须向买方提供买方
获得保险时所需要的信息,此时一切风险和费用(如果有的话)由买方承担。(修改:秦若曦)(2000版只说卖方无义务,2010版附加了卖方在无义务的情况下必须向买方提供一些信息的说明) |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同
买方自己付费,必须签订从指定装运港运输货物的合同,除非卖方已经按照A3 a)的规定制定了运输合同。
b)保险合同
买方没有义务向卖方提供保险合同。 |
A4 交货
卖方必须将货物运到买方所指定的船只上,若有的话,就送到买方的指定装运港或由中间商获取这样的货物。在这两种情况下,卖方必须按约定的日期或期限内按照该港习惯方式运输到港口。
如果买方没有明确装运地,卖方可以在指定的装运港中选择最合目的的装运点。 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方必须在卖方A4中规定交货时受领货物 |
A5风险转移
卖方要承担货物灭失或者损坏的全部风险,直至已经按照A4中的规定交付货物为止;但B5中规定的货物灭失或者损坏的情况除外。 |
B5风险转移
自货物按照A4规定交付之时起,买方要承担货物灭失或损失的全部风险。
若:
a)买方没有按照B7规定通知船只的指定;或,
b)买方指定的船只没有按期到达,以致卖方无法履行A4规定;或(指定船只)没有接管货物;或者(指定船只)较按照B7通知的时间提早停止装货。
那么,自以下所述之日起买方承担货物灭失或损失的全部风险):
1)自协议规定的日期起,若没有协议约定的日期,
2)则自卖方按照A7规定的协议期限内的通知之日起,或者,若没有约定通知日期时,
3)则自任一约定的交付期限届满之日起,
但前提是,该货物已经被准确无疑地确定是合同规定之货物。
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A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付:
a)除由B6规定的理应由买方支付的以外,卖方必须支付货物有关的一切费用,直到已经按照A4规定交货为止;及
b)需要办理海关手续时,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费用及出口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用。 |
B6 费用划分
买方必须支付:
a) 自按照A4规定交货之时起与货物有关的一切费用,除了需要办理海关手续时,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费用及出口时应交纳的一切关税、税款和在A6 b)种提到的其他费用;及
b) 以下两种情形之一将导致额外费用:
(ⅰ)由于买方未能按照B7规定给予卖方相应的通知,
(ⅱ)买方指定的船只未按时到达,或未接收上述货物,或较按照B7通知的时间提早停止装货
除非该项货物已正式划归合同项下;及
需要办理海关手续时,货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,及货物进口时办理海关手续的费用,以及货物从他国过境的费用。 |
A7通知买方
在由买方承担风险和费用,卖方必须给予买方说明货物已按照A4规定交货或者船只未能在约定的时间内接收上述货物的充分通知。 |
B7通知卖方
买方必须给予卖方有关船名、装船点、以及需要时在约定期限内所选择的交货时间的充分通知。
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A8交货凭证
卖方必须自付费用向买方提供证明货物已按照A4规定交货的通常单据。
除非前项所述单据是运输单据,否则应买方要求并由其承担风险和费用,卖方必须给予买方协助,以取得运输单据。 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受按照A8规定提供的交货凭证。 |
A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方必须支付为按照A4规定交货所需进行的查对费用(如核对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用),以及出口国有关当局强制进行的装运前检验的费用。
卖方必须自付费用,包装货物,除非按照相关行业惯例,运输的货物无需包装销售。卖方必须以适合运输的形式包装货物,除非买方在订立销售合同前已经告知卖方特定的包装要求。包装应作适当标记。
卖方必须自费包装货物,除非所运送的货物按照交易习惯属于无需包装的种类。卖方可以以适合运输该货物的方式包装它们,除非在销售合同签订之前买方通知了卖方的具体包装要求。包装必须做上适当的标记。 |
B9 货物检验
买方必须支付任何装运前检验的费用,但出口国有关当局强制进行的检验除外。 |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
在适用的情况下,应买方要求并由其承当风险和费用,卖方必须及时地给予买方一切协助,以帮助其取得他们所需要的货物进口和/或运送到最终目的地的一切单据及信息。(包含与安全因素相关的信息)
卖方必须向买方支付所有买方因提供或帮助卖方得到B10中规定的单据或信息而产生的费用。 |
B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方必须及时告诉卖方其对任何与安全有关的信息的要求,以使卖方可以遵循A10。
买方必须支付全部费用以及在A10中规定的卖方提供和给予协助使买方获取单据和信息所发生的一切费用。
在适用的情况下,应卖方要求并由其承当风险和费用,买方必须及时地提供或给予买方一切协助,以帮助其取得他们所需要的货物的运送和出口以及过境运输的一切单据及信息。(包含与安全因素相关的信息) |
CFR——成本加运费付至(……指定目的港)
本规定只适用于海路及内陆水运。
“成本加运费”是指卖方交付货物于船舶之上或采购已如此交付的货物,而货物损毁或灭失之风险从货物转移至船舶之上起转移,卖方应当承担并支付必要的成本加运费以使货物运送至目的港。
当使用CPT,CIP,CFR或CIF术语时,卖方在将货物交至已选定运输方式的运送者时,其义务即已履行,而非货物抵达目的地时方才履行。
本规则有两个关键点,因为风险转移地和运输成本的转移地是不同的。尽管合同中通常会确认一个目的港,而不一定确认却未必指定装运港,即风险转移给买方的地方。如果买方对装运港关乎买方的特殊利益(特别感兴趣),建议双方就此在合同中尽可能精确的加以确认。
建议双方对于目的港的问题尽可能准确确认,因为以此产生的成本加运费由卖方承担。订立与此项选择(目的港选择)精确相符的运输合同。如果因买方原因致使运输合同与卸货点基于目的港发生关系,那么除非双方达成一致,否则卖方无权从买方处收回这些费用。
成本加运费对于货物在装到船舶之上前即已交给(原为交付)承运人的情形可能不适用,例如通常在终点站(即抵达港、卸货点,区别于port of destination)交付的集装箱货物。在这种情况下,宜使用CPT规则。(如当事各方无意越过船舷交货 )
成本加运费原则要求卖方办理出口清关手续,若合适的话。但是,卖方无义务为货物办理进口清关、支付进口关税或者完成任何进口地海关的报关手续。
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方应当提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票,以及其他任何合同可能要求的证明货物符合合同要求的凭证。
如果买卖双方达成一致或者依照惯例,任何A1—A10中所要求的单据都可以具有同等作用的电子讯息(记录或手续)出现。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方应当依销售合同支付商品价款。
如果买卖双方达成一致或者依照惯例,任何B1—B10中所要求的单据都可以具有同等作用的电子讯息(记录或手续)出现。
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A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
若可能的话,卖方应当自担风险和费用,取得任何出口许可证或者其他官方授权,并办妥一切货物出口所必需的海关手续 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
若可能的话,买方有义务在自担风险与费用的情况下获得任何进口许可或其他的官方授权并为货物进口以及其在国内的运输办妥一切海关报关手续。 |
A3运输合同与保险合同
a)运输合同
卖方应当在运输合同中约定一个协商一致的交付地点,若有的话如在目的地的指定港口,或者,经双方同意在港口的任意地点。卖方应当自付费用,按照通常条件订立运输合同,经由惯常航线,将货物用通常用于供运输这类货物的船舶加以运输。
b)保险合同
卖方并无义务为买受人订立一份保险合同。但是,卖方应当按照买方的要求,在买方承担风险和费用(如果有的话)的前提下为其提供投保所需的的信息。 |
B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同:买方。无义务为卖方订立运输合同
b)保险合同:买方无义务为卖方订立保险合同。但是根据卖方请求,买方须提供投保所需要的必要信息。(双方均无义务为对方订立保险合同,但若对方要求,则均有义务提供必要信息。) |
A4 交货
卖方应当通过将货物装至船舶之上或促使货物以此种方式交付进行交付。在任何一种情形下,卖方应当在约定的日期或期间内依惯例(新增部分)交付。 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方必须在卖方按照A4规定交货时受领货物,并在指定目的港从承运人处收受货物。 |
A5风险转移
除B5中描述的毁损灭失的情形之外,在货物按照A4的规定交付之前(2000越过船舷前) ,卖方承担一切货物毁损灭失的风险。 |
B5风险转移
买方必须承担货物按照A4规定交付后毁损灭失的一切风险。
如果买方未按照B7规定给予卖方通知,买方必须从约定的装运日期或装运期限届满之日起,承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,假如货物已被清楚地确定为合同中的货物(即特定物)。 |
A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付以下费用:
a)所有在货物按照A4交付完成之前所产生的与之相关的费用,B6中规定应由买方承担的可支付的部分除外。
b)货物运输费用及由A3 a)之规定(即运输合同)而产生的一切其他费用,包括装载货物的费用,以及按照运输合同约定由卖方支付的在约定卸货港口卸货产生的费用。
c)在适当的情况下,因海关手续产生的一切费用,以及出口货物所需缴纳的一切关税,税赋(注意两者之间区别)及其他应缴纳之费用(英美法特色,极尽罗列之能),以及根据运输合同应由卖方承担的因穿过任何国家所产生的过境费用。 |
B6 费用划分
除A3条款第一项的规定费用之外,买方必须支付:
a)从货物以在A4中规定的方式交付起与之有关的一切费用,除了出口所必要的清关费用,以及在A6第三款中所涉及的所需的一切关税、赋税及其他各项应付出口费用;
b)货物在运输途中直至到达目的港为止的一切费用,除非这些费用根据运输合同应由卖方支付。(无变化)
c)卸货费用,包括驳船费和码头费,除非该成本和费用在运输合同是由卖方支付的。(无变化)
d)任何额外的费用,如果(进一步规定)没有在既定日期或运送货物的既定期间的到期日前按照B7中的规定发出通知,但是(假如、倘若)货物已被清楚地确定为合同中的货物(即特定物,这里和B5是类似的)。及,
e)在需要办理海关手续时,货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,及办理海关手续的费用,以及需要时从他国过境的费用,除非这些费用已包括在运输合同中。 (无变化) |
A7通知买方
卖方应当给予买方所有/任何(后者更恰切,与2000年形成对比) 其需要的通知,以便买方能够采取通常必要的提货措施。 |
B7通知卖方
每当能够在指定的目的港之内确定装运货物的时间或者接收货物的具体地点时,买方必须充分给予卖方通知。 |
A8交货凭证
卖方应当自负费用的情况下,毫不迟疑(延误)地向买方提供表明载往约定目的港的通常运输单据。
这一运输单据须载明(包含)合同货物,其日期应在约定的装运期内,使买方得以在目的港向承运人提取货物(主张权利),并且除非另有约定,应使买方得以通过转让单据(提单)或通过通知承运人,向其后手买方(下家)出售在途货物。
如此运输单据为可以流通、可以议付形式(银行根据信用证付钱 )或有数个正本,则应向买方提供全套正本。 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受按照A8规定提供的运输单据,如果该单据符合合同规定的话。(无变化)
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A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方应当支付为遵循A4条款运输货物所需的进行核对的费用(比如核对货物质量、尺寸、重量、点数),同时还需支付国家出口机关规定的进行装船检查的费用。
卖方必须自付费用提供货物的包装,除非在此行业中这种货物无包装发运、销售是普遍的现象。卖方应当用适于运输的方式包装货物,除非买方在交易合同生效前对卖方提出了特殊的包装要求。包装应当适当(恰当更合适)标记。(直译容易出现歧义—适当标记也可以理解为可标可不标。) |
B9 货物检验
买方必须支付任何装运前检验的费用,但出口国有关当局强制进行的检验除外。(无差异) |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
卖方必须在可能的情况下及时应买方的要求,在卖方承担风险与费用的前提下,向买方提供帮助,以使买方能够获得任何单据与信息,包括买方进口货物或者为保证货物到达目的地所需的安全信息。(特点:大量的非限定性定语从句,难以按顺序直译——“穿插翻译)
卖方应当偿付所有买方基于B10的义务提供单据或信息的帮助所产生的一切费用。(买方与卖方互相为对方为自己的帮助买单)
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B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方必须在合适的时候告知卖方任何安全保障要求,以便卖方做到与第十项条款规定相符。
买方必须支付给卖方所有由卖方为获得与第十项条款相符的相关单据和信息所产生的费用和花费。
买方必须在合适的时候告知卖方任何安全保障要求,以便卖方做到与第十项条款规定相符。 (新增)
买方必须支付给卖方所有由卖方为获得与第十项条款相符的相关单据和信息所产生的费用和花费。
买方必须在合适的情况下,及时地提供给卖方帮助,以便根据卖方的要求,由卖方承担风险,费用条件下,获得任何单据和信息,包括与安全有关的信息,卖方运输和出口货物以及通过任何国境的信息。 (新增) |
CIF——成本,保险加运费付至(……指定目的港)
该术语仅适用于海运和内河运输。
“成本,保险费加运费”指卖方将货物装上船或指(中间销售商)设法获取这样交付的商品。货物灭失或损坏的风险在货物于装运港装船时转移向买方。卖方须自行订立运输合同,支付将货物装运至指定目的港所需的运费和费用。
卖方须订立货物在运输途中由买方承担的货物灭失或损坏风险的保险合同。买方须知晓在CIF规则下卖方有义务投保的险别仅是最低保险险别。如买方望得到更为充分的保险保障,则需与卖方明确地达成协议或者自行做出额外的保险安排。
当CPT,CIP, CFR或者 CIF术语被适用时,卖方须在向承运方移交货物之时而非在货物抵达目的地时,履行已选择的术语相应规范的运输义务。
此规则因风险和费用分别于不同地点转移而具有以下两个关键点。合同惯常会指定相应的目的港,但可能不会进一步详细指明装运港,即风险向买方转移的地点。如买方对装运港尤为关注,那么合同双方最好在合同中尽可能精确地确定装运港。
当事人最好尽可能确定在约定的目的港内的交货地点,卖方承担至交货地点的费用。当事人应当在约定的目的地港口尽可能精准地检验,而由卖方承担检验费用。卖方应当签订确切适合的运输合同。如果卖方发生了运输合同之下的于指定目的港卸货费用,则卖方无需为买方支付该费用,除非当事人之间约定。
卖方必须将货物送至船上或者(由中间销售商)承接已经交付的货物并运送到目的地。除此之外,卖方必须签订一个运输合同或者提供这类的协议。这里的“提供”是为一系列的多项贸易过程(“连锁贸易”)服务,尤其在商品贸易中很普遍。
CIF术语并不适用于货物在装上船以前就转交给承运人的情况,例如通常运到终点站交货的集装箱货物。在这样的情况下,应当适用CIP术语。
“成本、保险费加运费”术语要求卖方在适用的情况下办理货物出口清关手续。然而,卖方没有义务办理货物进口清关手续,缴纳任何进口关税或办理进口海关手续。
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
卖方义务 |
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
买方义务 |
A1卖方的一般义务
卖方必须提供符合销售合同的货物和商业发票,以及买卖合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
在A1-A10中的任何单据都可能是在双方合意或习惯性用法中的同等作用的电子记录或程序。 |
B1买方的一般义务
买方必须按照买卖合同规定支付价款。
在B1-B10中任何有关的文件都可能是在各部分或习惯性用法中使用的同等的电子记录或程序。
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A2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
一些重要货物或国家间的运输办理海关手续。
在适用的时候,卖方须自负风险和费用,取得一切出口许可和其他官方许可,并办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续 |
B2许可证、批准、安全通关及其他手续
在适当的时候,买方需要在自负风险和费用的前提下获得出口执照或其他政府许可并且办理所有出口货物的海关手续。 |
A3运输合同与保险合同
a) 运输合同
卖家必须自行订立或者参照格式条款订立一个关于运输的合同,将货物从约定交付地(如果有)运输到目的地的指定港口(如果有约定)。运输合同需按照通常条件订立,由卖方支付费用,并规定货物由通常可供运输合同所指货物类型的船只、经由惯常航线运输。
b) 保险合同
卖家须自付费用,按照至少符合《协会货物保险条款》(LMA/IUA)C款或其他类似条款中规定的最低保险险别投保。这个保险应与信誉良好的保险人或保险公司订立,并保证买方或其他对货物具有保险利益的人有权直接向保险人索赔。
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B3运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同
买方无订立运输合同的义务。
b) 保险合同
买方无订立保险合同的义务。但是,如果买方想附加同A3b)中所描述的保险,就须根据卖方要求,提供给卖方任何附加该保险所需的信息。
应买方要求,并由买方负担费用且提供一切卖方需要的信息,则卖方应提供额外的保险,如果能投保的话,例如《协会货物保险条款》(LMA/IUA)中的条款(A)或条款(B)或任何类似的条款中提供的保险和(或)与《协会战争险条款》和(或)《协会罢工险条款》(LMA/IUA)或其他类似条款符合的保险。
最低保险金额应当包括合同中所规定的价款另加百分之十(即110%),并应用合同货币。
保险应当承保从规定于A4和A5条款中的发货点发出至少到指定的目的港的货物。
卖方必须提供给买方保险单或其他保险承保的证据。
此外,应买方的要求,并由买方自负风险及费用(如有)的情况下,卖方必须提供买方所需要的任何获取额外保险的信息。 |
A4 交货
卖方必须将货物放装船运送或者(由承运人)获取已经运送的货物,在上述任一情况下,卖方必须在合意日期或者在达成合意的期限内依港口的习惯进行交付 |
B4受领货物(接收货物)
买方在货物已经以A4规定的方式送达时受领货物,并必须在指定的目的港受领货物。 |
A5风险转移
卖方直到货物以A4规定的方式送达之前都要承担货物灭失或者损坏的风险,除非货物是在B5描述的情况下灭失或者损坏。
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B5风险转移
买方自货物按A4规定的方式送达后承担所有货物灭失或者损坏的风险。
如果买方未按照B7规定给予卖方通知,那买方就要从递送的合意日期或者递送合意期限届满之日起承担货物灭失或者损坏的风险,前提是货物必须被清楚地标明在合同项下货物。 |
A6 费用划分
卖方必须支付
a)除在B6中规定的应由买方支付的费用外的 与货物有关的一切费用,直至按A4规定交货为止;
b)费和按照A3 a)规定的所有其他费用,包括在港口装载货物的费用以及根据运输合同由卖方支付的在约定卸货港的卸货费
c)A3 b) 规定所发生的保险费用
d)要办理海关手续时,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费以及出口应缴纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,以及根据运输合同规定的由卖方支付的货物从他国过境的费用。
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B6 费用划分
除A3 a)规定外,买方必须支付
a)照A4规定交货之时起与货物有关的一切费用,但不包括A6 d)中规定的在需要办理海关手续时,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费以及出口应缴纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用;
b)输至到达目的地港口过程中与货物有关的一切费用,运输合同中规定由卖方承担的除外。
c)运费和码头搬运费在内的卸货费用,运输合同中规定由卖方承担的除外。
d照B7规定在约定日期或运送的协议期限到期时给予卖方相应通知而发生的任何额外费用,但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下为限。
e)要办理海关手续时,货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,货物进口需要办理的海关手续费,以及从他国过境的费用,已包含在运输合同所规定的费用中的除外。及
f)根据A3 b)和B3 b),任何因买方要求而产生的附加保险费用。 |
A7通知买方
卖方必须给予买方一切必要的通知,以便买方采取必要的措施来确保领受货物。 |
B7通知卖方
当买方有权决定装运货物的时间和/或在目的港内接受货物的地点,买方必须给予卖方充分的通知。 |
A8交货凭证
卖方必须自付费用,毫不迟延地向买方提供表明载往约定目的港的通常运输单据。此单据必须载明合同货物,其日期应在约定的装运期内,使买方得以在目的港向承运人提取货物,并且,除非另有约定,应使买方得以通过转让单据或通过通知承运人,向其后手买方出售在途货物。
如此运输单据有不同形式且有数份正本,则应向买方提供全套正本 |
B8 提货证据
买方必须接受按照A8规定提供的运输单据,如果该单据符合合同规定的话。 |
A9 检查、包装、标志
卖方必须支付为了使运输货物符合A4的要求而产生的所有核对费用(例如核对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数),以及出口国当局强制要求的运前检验。
卖方必须自负费用,包装货物,但所运输货物通常无须包装即可销售的除外。卖方应当采用使货物适宜运输的包装方式,除非买方在买卖合同签订前告知卖方以特定方式包装。包装应当适当标记。 |
B9 货物检验
买方必须支付所有强制性运前检验的费用,但出口国当局强制要求的检验除外 |
A10信息帮助和相关费用
当适用的时候,应买方要求,并由其承担风险和费用,卖方必须及时地提供或给予协助以帮助买方取得他们货物进口和/或运输至最终目的地所需要的,包括安全相关信息在内的一切单据和讯息。
对于买方由于的提供或是协助卖方获取B10所规定的所有相关单据和讯息而支出的所有的费用,卖方必须予以偿付 |
B10信息帮助和相关费用
买方必须及时地告知卖方获取相关安全讯息的要求,以便卖方能够遵守A10中的规定。
卖方由于履行A10所述的规定,提供和协助买方获得相关讯息所支出的费用,买方必须予以偿付。
应卖方要求,并由其承担风险和费用,买方必须及时地提供或给予协助以使卖方获取其运输和货物出口通过任何国家所需要的,包括安全相关信息在内的一切单据和讯息。 |
[1]是指卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人,并办理了出口清关手续,即完成交货。
[2] 边境交货是指当卖方在边境的指定的地点和具体交货点,在毗邻国家海关边界前,将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交给买方处置,办妥货物出口清关手续但尚未办理进口清关手续时,即完成交货。“边境”一词可用于任何边境,包括出口国边境。因而,用指定地点和具体交货点准确界定所指边境,这是极为重要的。
[3] 目的港船上交货是指在指定的目的港,货物在船上交给买方处置,但不办理货物进口清关手续,卖方即完成交货。卖方必须承担货物运至指定的目的港卸货前的一切风险和费用。如果当事各方希望卖方负担卸货的风险和费用,则应使用DEQ 术语。
[4] 未完税交货是指卖方在指定的目的地将货物交给买方处置,不办理进口手续,也不从交货的运输工具上将货物卸下,即完成交货。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用,不包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地国进口应交纳的任何“税费”(包括办理海关手续的责任和风险,以及交纳手续费、关税、税款和其他费用)。买方必须承担此项“税费”和因其未能及时输货物进口清关手续而引起的费用和风险。
RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT
EX WORKS
EXW (insert named place of delivery) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.
It is suitable for domestic trade, while FCA is usually more appropriate for international trade.
“Ex Works” means that the seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or at another named place (i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.). The seller does not need to load the goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.
The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery.
EXW represents the minimum obligation for the seller. The rule should be used with care as:
a) The seller has no obligation to the buyer to load the goods, even though in practice the seller may be in a better position to do so. If the seller does load the goods, it does so at the buyer’s risk and expense. In cases where the seller is in a better position to load the goods, FCA, which obliges the seller to do so at its own risk and expense, is usually more appropriate.
b) A buyer who buys from a seller on an EXW basis for export needs to be aware that the seller has an obligation to provide only such assistance as the buyer may require to effect that export: the seller is not bound to organize the export clearance. Buyers are therefore well advised not to use EXW if they cannot directly or indirectly obtain export clearance.
c) The buyer has limited obligations to provide to the seller any information regarding the export of the goods. However, the seller may need this information for, e.g., taxation or reporting purposes.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, assistance in obtaining any export licence, or other official authorization necessary for the export of the goods.
Where applicable, the seller must provide, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any information in the possession of the seller that is required for the security clearance of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle. If no specific point has been agreed within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose. The seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the export of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when A4 and A7 have been complied with.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in
B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.
A8 Delivery document
The seller has no obligation to the buyer.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then the
buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the
contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must:
a) pay all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;
b)pay any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at its disposal or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;
c)pay, where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon export; and
d) reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing assistance as envisaged in A2.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, and counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.
The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must,&n,bsp;where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the export and/or import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, including inspection mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
Free Carrier
FCA (insert named place of delivery) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the seller’s premises or another named place. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the named place of delivery, as the risk passes to the buyer at that point. If the parties intend to deliver the goods at the seller’s premises, they should identify the address of those premises as the named place of delivery. If, on the other hand, the parties intend the goods to be delivered at another place, they must identify a different specific place of delivery.
FCA requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the
goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the
contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer’s risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that
the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place on the agreed date or within the agreed period.
Delivery is completed:
a) If the named place is the seller’s premises, when the goods have been loaded on the means of transport provided by the buyer.
b) In any other case, when the goods are placed at the disposal of the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer on the seller’s means of transport ready for unloading.
If no specific point has been notified by the buyer under B7 d) within the named place of delivery, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place of delivery, except when the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
Unless the buyer notifies the seller otherwise, the seller may deliver the goods for carriage in such a manner as the quantity and/or nature of the goods may require.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in
B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and
b) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If
a) the buyer fails in accordance with B7 to notify the nomination of a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4 or to give notice; or
b) the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:
(i) from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,
(ii) from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period; or, if no such date has been notified,
(iii) from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);
b) any additional costs incurred, either because:
(i) the buyer fails to nominate a carrier or another person as envisaged in A4, or
(ii) the carrier or person nominated by the buyer as envisaged in A4 fails to take the goods into its charge, or
(iii) the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and
c) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must, at the buyer’s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.
A8 Delivery document
The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance
with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.
The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request,
risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must notify the seller of
a) the name of the carrier or another person nominated as envisaged in A4 within sufficient time as to enable the seller to deliver the goods in accordance with that article;
b) where necessary, the selected time within the period agreed for delivery when the carrier or person nominated will take the goods;
c) the mode of transport to be used by the person nominated; and
d) the point of taking delivery within the named place.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information,
including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
CARRIAGE PAID TO
CPT (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.
“Carriage Paid To” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place (if any such place is agreed between the parties) and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.
When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.
This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the
seller must contract for the carriage. If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the seller’s choosing and over which the,
buyer has no control. Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage (e.g., at an ocean port or airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale. The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.
CPT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods, and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place. The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller’s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that
the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.
A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;
b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller’s account under
the contract of carriage; and
c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must
bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);
b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller’s account under the contract of
carriage;
c) unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;
d) any additional costs incurred if the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have
been clearly identified as the contract goods; and
e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
If customary or at the buyer’s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.
This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment. If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information,
including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information,
including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO
CIP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Carriage and Insurance Paid to” means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller at an agreed place (if any such place is agreed between the parties) and that the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.
The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIP the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements.
When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier and not when the goods reach the place of destination.
This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible in the contract both the place of delivery, where the risk passes to the buyer, and the named place of destination to which the seller must contract for carriage. If several carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination and the parties do not agree on a specific point of delivery, the default position is that risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier at a point entirely of the
seller’s choosing and over which the buyer has no control. Should the parties wish the risk to pass at a later stage (e.g., at an ocean port or an airport), they need to specify this in their contract of sale.
The parties are also well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the named place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.
CIP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract. Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the
contract of sale. Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other Formalities Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named place of destination or, if agreed, any point at that place. The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller’s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route and in a customary manner. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point of&nbs,p;delivery and the point at the named place of destination that best suit its purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller must obtain at its own expense cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover as provided by Clauses (C) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses. The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer.
When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer’s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses (A) or (B) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses, and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute
Strikes Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses. The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10% (i.e., 110%) and shall be in the currency of
the contract. The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A and A5 to at least the named place of destination. The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover. Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods by handing them over to the carrier contracted in accordance with A3 on the agreed date or within the agreed period.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named place of destination.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in
B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;
b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods and any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller’s account under
the contract of carriage;
c) the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b); and d) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must notify the buyer that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, it must
bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d);
b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the agreed place of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller’s account under the contract of
carriage;
c) unloading costs, unless such costs were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;
d) any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for dispatch, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;
e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage; and
f) the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer’s request under A3 and B3.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for dispatching the goods and/or the named place of destination or the point of receiving the goods within that place, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
A8 Delivery document
If customary or at the buyer’s request, the seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with the usual transport document[s] for the transport contracted in accordance with A3.
This transport document must cover the contract goods and be dated within the period agreed for shipment. If agreed or customary, the document must also enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the named place of destination and enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance
with A4 as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.
The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the
manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked
appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related
information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
DAT
DELIVERED AT TERMINAL
DAT (insert named terminal at port or place of destination)
Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed.
“Delivered at Terminal” means that the seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the named port or place of destination. “Terminal” includes any place, whether covered or not, such
as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road, rail or air cargo terminal.
The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the terminal and, if possible, a specific point within the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure a contract of carriage that matches this choice precisely.
Moreover, if the parties intend the seller to bear the risks and costs involved in transporting and handling the goods from the terminal to another place, then the DAP or DDP rules should be used.
DAT requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.
However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named terminal at the agreed port or place of destination. If a specific terminal is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the terminal at the agreed port or place of destination that best suits its purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that
the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must unload the goods from the arriving means of transport and must then deliver them by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the named terminal referred to in A3 a)
at the port or place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged&nb,sp;in A4.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and
b) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.
A8 Delivery document
The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If
a) the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;
or
b) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;
b) any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and
c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery at the named terminal, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance
with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information,
including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
DELIVERED AT PLACE
DAP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Delivered at Place” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place.
The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.
DAP requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable.
However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities. If the parties wish the seller to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty and carry out any import customs formalities, the DDP term should be used.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods and for their transport through any country prior to delivery.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that
the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of
destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the buyer must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;
b) any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage; and
c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and the costs for their transport through any country, prior to delivery in accordance with A4.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.
A8 Delivery document
The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If
a) the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods; or
b) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;
b) all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller’s account under
the contract of carriage;
c) any additional costs incurred by the seller if the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and
d) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon import of the goods.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the delivery document provided as envisaged in A8.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A1,0 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination. The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
DELIVERED DUTY PAID
DDP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule may be used irrespective of the mode of transport selected and may also be used where more than one mode of transport is employed. “Delivered Duty Paid” means that the seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer, cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination. The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all customs formalities.
DDP represents the maximum obligation for the seller. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the point within the agreed place of destination, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the place of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.
The parties are well advised not to use DDP if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain import clearance.
If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of import clearance, the DAP rule should be used.
Any VAT or other taxes payable upon import are for the seller’s account unless expressly agreed otherwise in the sales contract.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export and import licence and other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for
the export of the goods, for their transport through any country and for their import.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract at its own expense for the carriage of the goods to the named place of destination or to the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination. If a specific point is not agreed or is not determined by practice, the seller may select the point at the named place of destination that best suits its purpose.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of destination on the agreed date or within the agreed period.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities Where applicable, the buyer must provide assistance to the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, in obtaining any import licence or other official authorization for the import of the goods.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.
A6 Allocation of costs The seller must pay
a) in addition to costs resulting from A3 a), all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;
b) any charges for unloading at the place of destination that were
for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage; and
c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export and import as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export and import of the goods, and the costs for their transport through any country prior to delivery in accordance with A4.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take delivery of the goods.
A8 Delivery document The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with a document enabling the buyer to take delivery of the goods as envisaged in A4/B4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If
a) the buyer fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2, then it bears all resulting risks of loss of or damage to the goods;
or
b) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4;
b) all costs of unloading necessary to take delivery of the goods from the arriving means of transport at the named place of destination, unless such costs were for the seller’s account under
the contract of carriage; and
c) any additional costs incurred if it fails to fulfill its obligations in accordance with B2 or to give notice in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the point of taking delivery within the named place of destination, give the seller sufficient notice
thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance
with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.
The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner
appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the transport of the goods to the final destination, where applicable, from the named place of destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export or of import.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10. The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10. The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport, export and import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
RULES FOR SEA AND IINLAND WATERWAY
TRANSPORT
FREE ALONGSIDE SHIP
FAS (insert named port of shipment) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.
“Free Alongside Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel (e.g., on a quay or a barge) nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside the ship, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards. The parties are well advised to specify as clearly as possible the loading point at the named port of shipment, as the costs and risks to that point are for the account of the seller and these costs and associated handling charges may vary according to the practice of the port. The seller is required either to deliver the goods alongside the ship or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment. The reference to
“procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain (‘string sales’), particularly common in the commodity trades.
Where the goods are in containers, it is typical for the seller to hand the goods over to the carrier at a terminal and not alongside the vessel. In such situations, the FAS rule would be inappropriate, and the FCA rule should be used. FAS requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not&,nbsp;give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer’s risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them alongside the ship nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.
If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose. If the parties have agreed that delivery should take place within a period, the buyer has the option to choose the date within that period.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and
b) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must, at the buyer’s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed. the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If
a) the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7; or
b) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, or fails to take the goods or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7; then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for
delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);
b) any additional costs incurred, either because:
(i) the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or
(ii) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and
c) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.
A8 Delivery document
The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.
Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.
The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
FOB
FREE ON BOARD
FOB (insert named port of shipment) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.
“Free on Board” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.
The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment. The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain (‘string sales’), particularly common in the commodity trades.
FOB may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such situations, the FCA rule should be used.
FOB requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of carriage. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the
contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual
terms at the buyer’s risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract of carriage and, if it does, shall promptly notify the buyer.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that
the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading point, if any, indicated by the buyer at the named port of shipment or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.
If no specific loading point has been indicated by the buyer, the seller may select the point within the named port of shipment that best suits its purpose.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer must contract, at its own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment, except where the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6; and
b) where applicable, t,he costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If
a) the buyer fails to notify the nomination of a vessel in accordance with B7; or
b) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time to enable the seller to comply with A4, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance
with B7; then, the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods:
(i) from the agreed date, or in the absence of an agreed date,
(ii) from the date notified by the seller under A7 within the agreed period, or, if no such date has been notified,
(iii) from the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 b);
b) any additional costs incurred, either because:
(i) the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, or
(ii) the vessel nominated by the buyer fails to arrive on time, is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and
c) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must, at the buyer’s risk and expense, give the buyer sufficient notice either that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4 or that the vessel has failed to take the goods within the time agreed.
A8 Delivery document
The seller must provide the buyer, at the seller’s expense, with the usual proof that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4.
Unless such proof is a transport document, the seller must provide assistance to the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, in obtaining a transport document.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance
with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it
is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and, where necessary, the selected delivery time within the agreed period.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the proof of delivery provided as envisaged in A8.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
COST AND FREIGHT
CFR (insert named port of destination) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. “Cost and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel.
The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. When CPT, CIP, CFR or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to
deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.
This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer. If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract.
The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.
The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination.
In addition, the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract. The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain (‘string sales’), particularly common in the commodity trades.
CFR may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such circumstances, the CPT rule should be used.
CFR requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port. The contract of carriage must be made on usual terms at the seller’s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller has no obligation to the buyer to make a contract of insurance. However, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that
the buyer needs for obtaining insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with the necessary information for obtaining insurance.
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in
B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;
b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage; and
c) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any
country that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage.
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4. If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 c);
b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;
c) unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;
d) any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods; and
e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
A8 Delivery document
The seller must, at its own expense, provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination.
This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise
agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented to the buyer.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with
A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export. The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
COST INSURANCE AND FREIGHT
CIF (insert named port of destination) Incoterms 2010
GUIDANCE NOTE
This rule is to be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.
“Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers the goods on board the vessel or procures the goods already so delivered. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the vessel. The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination.
The seller also contracts for insurance cover against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The buyer should note that under CIF the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have more insurance protection, it will need either to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make its own extra insurance arrangements.
When CPT, CIP, CFR, or CIF are used, the seller fulfils its obligation to deliver when it hands the goods over to the carrier in the manner specified in the chosen rule and not when the goods reach the place of destination.
This rule has two critical points, because risk passes and costs are transferred at different places. While the contract will always specify a destination port, it might not specify the port of shipment, which is where risk passes to the buyer. If the shipment port is of particular interest to the buyer, the parties are well advised to identify it as precisely as possible in the contract.
The parties are well advised to identify as precisely as possible the point at the agreed port of destination, as the costs to that point are for the account of the seller. The seller is advised to procure contracts of carriage that match this choice precisely. If the seller incurs costs under its contract of carriage related to unloading at the specified point at the port of destination, the seller is not entitled to recover such costs from the buyer unless otherwise agreed between the parties.
The seller is required either to deliver the goods on board the vessel or to procure goods already so delivered for shipment to the destination. In addition the seller is required either to make a contract of carriage or to procure such a contract. The reference to “procure” here caters for multiple sales down a chain (‘string sales’), particularly common in the commodity trades.
CIF may not be appropriate where goods are handed over to the carrier before they are on board the vessel, for example goods in containers, which are typically delivered at a terminal. In such circumstances, the CIP rule should be used. CIF requires the seller to clear the goods for export, where applicable. However, the seller has no obligation to clear the goods for import, pay any import duty or carry out any import customs formalities.
A THE SELLER’ OBLIGATIONS
A1 General obligations of the seller
The seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity that may be required by the contract.
Any document referred to in A1-A10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
A2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and other formalities
Where applicable, the seller must obtain, at its own risk and expense, any export licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.
B THE BUYER’ OBLIGATIONS
B1 General obligations of the buyer
The buyer must pay the price of the goods as provided in the contract of sale.
Any document referred to in B1-B10 may be an equivalent electronic record or procedure if agreed between the parties or customary.
B2 Licences, authorizations, security clearances and formalities
Where applicable, it is up to the buyer to obtain, at its own risk and expense, any import licence or other official authorization and carry out all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transport through any country.
A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The seller must contract or procure a contract for the carriage of the goods from the agreed point of delivery, if any, at the place of delivery to the named port of destination or, if agreed, any point at that port. The contract of carriage must be made on usual
terms at the seller’s expense and provide for carriage by the usual route in a vessel of the type normally used for the transport of the type of goods sold.
b) Contract of insurance
The seller must obtain, at its own expense, cargo insurance complying at least with the minimum cover provided by Clauses
(C) of the Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses. The insurance shall be contracted with underwriters or an insurance company of good repute and entitle the buyer, or any other person having an insurable interest in the goods, to claim directly from the insurer.
When required by the buyer, the seller shall, subject to the buyer providing any necessary information requested by the seller, provide at the buyer’s expense any additional cover, if procurable, such as cover as provided by Clauses (A) or (B) of the
Institute Cargo Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses and/or cover complying with the Institute War Clauses and/or Institute Strikes Clauses (LMA/IUA) or any similar clauses.
The insurance shall cover, at a minimum, the price provided in the contract plus 10% (i.e., 110%) and shall be in the currency of the contract.
The insurance shall cover the goods from the point of delivery set out in A4 and A5 to at least the named port of destination. The seller must provide the buyer with the insurance policy or other evidence of insurance cover. Moreover, the seller must provide the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk, and expense (if any), with information that the buyer needs to procure any additional insurance.
A4 Delivery
The seller must deliver the goods either by placing them on board the vessel or by procuring the goods so delivered. In either case, the seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.
B3 Contracts of carriage and insurance
a) Contract of carriage
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of carriage.
b) Contract of insurance
The buyer has no obligation to the seller to make a contract of insurance. However, the buyer must provide the seller, upon request, with any information necessary for the seller to procure any additional insurance requested by the buyer as envisaged in A3 b).
B4 Taking delivery
The buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered as envisaged in A4 and receive them from the carrier at the named port of destination.
A5 Transfer of risks
The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in
B5.
A6 Allocation of costs
The seller must pay
a) all costs relating to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4, other than those payable by the buyer as envisaged in B6;
b) the freight and all other costs resulting from A3 a), including the costs of loading the goods on board and any charges for unloading at the agreed port of discharge that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;
c) the costs of insurance resulting from A3 b); and
d) where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export, and the costs for their transport through any country that were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage.
B5 Transfer of risks
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then it bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
B6 Allocation of costs
The buyer must, subject to the provisions of A3 a), pay
a) all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4, except, where applicable, the costs of customs formalities necessary for export, as well as all duties, taxes and other charges payable upon export as referred to in A6 d);
b) all costs and charges relating to the goods while in transit until their arrival at the port of destination, unless such costs and charges were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;
c) unloading costs including lighterage and wharfage charges, unless such costs and charges were for the seller’s account under the contract of carriage;
d) any additional costs incurred if it fails to give notice in accordance with B7, from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for shipment, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods;
e) where applicable, all duties, taxes and other charges, as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and the costs for their transport through any country, unless included within the cost of the contract of carriage; and
f) the costs of any additional insurance procured at the buyer’s request under A3 b) and B3 b).
A7 Notices to the buyer
The seller must give the buyer any notice needed in order to allow the buyer to take measures that are normally necessary to enable the buyer to take the goods.
A8 Delivery document
The seller must, at its own expense provide the buyer without delay with the usual transport document for the agreed port of destination.
This transport document must cover the contract goods, be dated within the period agreed for shipment, enable the buyer to claim the goods from the carrier at the port of destination and, unless otherwise agreed, enable the buyer to sell the goods in transit by the transfer of the document to a subsequent buyer or by notification to the carrier.
When such a transport document is issued in negotiable form and in several originals, a full set of originals must be presented
to the buyer.
A9 Checking –packaging –marking
The seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, mea,suring, weighing, counting) that are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4, as well as the costs of any pre-shipment inspection mandated by the authority of the country of export.
The seller must, at its own expense, package the goods, unless it is usual for the particular trade to transport the type of goods sold unpackaged. The seller may package the goods in the manner appropriate for their transport, unless the buyer has notified the seller of specific packaging requirements before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.
B7 Notices to the seller
The buyer must, whenever it is entitled to determine the time for shipping the goods and/or the point of receiving the goods within the named port of destination, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.
B8 Proof of delivery
The buyer must accept the transport document provided as envisaged in A8 if it is in conformity with the contract.
B9 Inspection of goods
The buyer must pay the costs of any mandatory pre-shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.
A10 Assistance with information and related costs
The seller must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the buyer, at the buyer’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the buyer needs for the import of the goods and/or for their transport to the final destination.
The seller must reimburse the buyer for all costs and charges incurred by the buyer in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in B10.
B10 Assistance with information and related costs
The buyer must, in a timely manner, advise the seller of any security information requirements so that the seller may comply with A10.
The buyer must reimburse the seller for all costs and charges incurred by the seller in providing or rendering assistance in obtaining documents and information as envisaged in A10.
The buyer must, where applicable, in a timely manner, provide to or render assistance in obtaining for the seller, at the seller’s request, risk and expense, any documents and information, including security-related information, that the seller needs for the transport and export of the goods and for their transport through any country.
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